A Comparative Study on the use of Butyl Esters of Soyabean and Sunflower Oils as Biodiesel Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.K.M. Engineering College, Kavaraipettai, Gummidipoondi Taluk,Tiruvallur District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

To study the feasibility of using two edible plant oils as diesel substitute a comparative study was made. Oils were exacted from the seeds of soyabean (Glycine Max, Family: Leguminoceae) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus, Family: Asteraceae/Compositeae). Oils were esterified (butyl esters) before blending with pure diesel in the ratio of 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 by volume. Pure diesel was used as control. Studies have revealed that on blending vegetable oils with diesel a remarkable improvement in their physical and chemical properities took place. Cetane number came to be very close to pure diesel. Engine (C.I.) was run at different loads (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg) at a constant speed (1500 rpm) separately on each blend and also on pure diesel. Studies have revealed that soyabean oil at 20% blend with diesel gave best performance in terms of low smoke intensity, emission of HC and NOx. All the parameters tested viz., flash point, total fuel consumption, specific energy consumption, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and cylindrical peak pressure were improved. Results have further indicated that at 20% blend engine showed a closer performance to pure diesel. 20% blend of soyabean oil exhibited better performance than sunflower oil blends. However, both the oils at 20% blends with diesel can be used as a diesel substitute. There studies have thus indicated that esterified soyabean oil at 20% blend satisfies the important fuel properties as per ASTM D975 specifications of biodiesel as it lead to the improvement of engine performance and emission characteristics without any modification in engine.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

 
[1] Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S., and Muraleedharan, C., “Use of Vegetable Oils as I.C Engine Fuels: A Review,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 29, pp. 727-742, (2004).
 
[2] Sarin, R., and Sharma, M., “Jatropha Palm Biodiesel Blends: An Optimum Mix for Asia,” Fuel, Vol. 86, pp. 1365-1371, (2007).
 
[3] Babu, A. K., and Devaradjane, G., “Vegetable Oils and their Derivatives as Fuels for CI Engines: An Overview,” SAE Technical Paper Series-01-0767, (2003).
 
[4] Bari, S., Yu, C. W., and Lim, T. H., “Performance Deterioration and Durability Issues while Running a Diesel Engine with Crude Palm Oil,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, Vol. 216, No. 2, pp. 785-792, (2002).
 
[5] Schwab, A. W., Baghy, M. O., and Freedman, B., “Preparation and Properties of Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils,” Fuel, Vol. 66, pp. 1372-1378, (1987).
 
[6] Pryde, E. H., “Vegetable Oils as Fuel Alternatives-symposium Overview,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 61, pp. 1609-1610, (1984).
 
[7] Peterson, C. L., Auld, D. L., and Korus, R. A., “Winter Rape Oil Fuel for Diesel Engines: Recovery and Utilization,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 60, No. 8, pp. 1579-1587, (1983).
 
[8] Schwab, A. W., Dykstra, G. J., Selke, E., Sorenson, S. C., and Pryde, E. H., “Diesel Fuel from Thermal-decomposition of Soybean Oil,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 65, No. 11, pp. 1781–1786, (1988).
 
[9] da Rocha Filho, D. N., Brodzki, D., and Djéga-Mariadassou, G., “Formation of Alkanes, Alkylcykloalkanes and Alkylbenzenes during the Catalytic Hydrocracking of Vegetable Oils,” Fuel, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 543–549, (1993).
 
[10] Ma, F. R., and Hanna, M. A., “Biodiesel Production: A Review,” Bioresource Technology,   Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 1-15, (1999).
 
[11] Mittelbach, M., and Tritthard, P., “Diesel Fuel Derived from Vegetable Oils: Emission Tests using Methyl Esters of used Frying Oil,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 65, No. 7, pp. 1185-1187, (1988).
 
[12] Kaufman, K. R., and Ziejewski, M., “Sunflower Methyl Esters for Direct Injected Diesel Engines,” Transactions of ASAE, Vol. 27, pp. 1626-1633, (1984).
 
[13] da Silva, F. N., Prata, A. S., and Teixeira, J. R., “Technical Feasibility Assessment of Oleic Sunflower Methyl Ester Utilizations in Diesel Bus Engines,” Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 44, pp. 2857-2878, (2003).
 
[14] Rao, G. L. N., Saravanan, S., Sampath, S., and Rajgopal, K., “Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Bio-Diesel and its Blends,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Resource Utilization and Intelligent Systems, Allied Publishers Private Limited, India, pp. 353-356, (2006).
 
[15] Kalam, M. A., and Masjuki, H. H., “Biodiesel from Palm Oil-An Analysis of its Properties and Potential,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 23, pp. 471-479, (2002).
 
[16] Puhan, S., Vedaraman, N., Sankaranarayanan, G., and Ram, B. V. B., “Performance and Emission Study of Mahua Oil (Madhuca indica oil) Ethyl Ester in a 4-Stroke Natural Aspirated Direct Injection Diesel Engine,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, pp. 1269-1278, (2005).
 
[17] Bhatt, Y. C., Murthy, N. S., and Dutta, R. K., “Use of Mahua Oil (Madhuca indica) as a Diesel Fuel Extender,” Journal of Institute of Engineers, (India), Vol. 85, pp. 10-14, (2004).
 
[18] Azam, M. M., Waris, A., and Nahar, N. M., “Prospects and Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of some Non-traditional Seed Oils for use as Biodiesel in India,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 29, pp. 293-302, (2005).
 
[19] Raheman, H., and Phadatare, A. G., “Diesel Engine Emissions and Performance from Blends of Karanja Methyl Ester and Diesel,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 27, pp. 393-397, (2004).
 
[20] Freedman, B., Butterfield, R. O., and Pryde, E. H., “Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 63, pp. 1357-1380, (1986).
 
[21] Freedman, B., Pryde, E. H. and Mounts, T. L., “Variables Affecting the Yields of Fatty Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 61, No. 10, pp. 1638-1643, (1984).
 
[22] Lee, S. W., Herage, T., and Young, B., “Emission Reduction Potential from the Combustion of Soy Methyl Ester Fuel Blended with Petroleum Distillate Fuel,” Fuel, Vol. 83, pp. 1607-1613, (2004).
 
[23] Labeckas, G., and Slavinskas, S., “The Effect of Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester on Direct Injection Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions,” Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 47, pp. 1954-1967, (2006).
 
[24](a) Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S., and Muraleedharan, C., “Performance and Emission Evaluation of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Methyl Esters of Rubber Seed Oil”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, pp. 1789-2000, (2005).
 
      (b) Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S., and Muraleedharan, C., “Biodiesel Production from High FFA Rubber Seed Oil,” Fuel, Vol. 84, pp. 335-340, (2005).
 
[25] Breuer, C., “The Influence of Fuel Properties on the Heat Release in D.I. Diesel Engines,” Fuel, Vol. 74, pp. 1767-1771, (1995).
 
[26] Sinha, S., and Agarwal, A. K., “Combustion Characteristics of Rice Bran Oil Derived Biodiesel in a Transportation Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper Series-26-354, (2005).
 
[27] Shahikant, V. G., and Hifjur, R., “Biodiesel Production from Mahua Oil having High Free Fatty Acids,” Journal of Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 601-605, (2005).
 
[28] Vaughn, T., Hammill, M., Harris, M., and Marchese, A. J., “Ignition Delay of Bio-Ester Fuel Droplets,” SAE Technical Paper Series-01-3302, (2006).
 
[29] Kinoshita, E., Myo, T., Hamasaki, K., Tajima, H., and Kun, Z. R., “Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Coconut Oil and Palm Oil Biodiesels,” SAE Technical Paper Series -01-3251, (2006).
 
[30] Ghosal, M. K.,  Das, D. K., Pradhan, S.C., and Sahoo, N., “Performance Study of Diesel Engine by using Mahua Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) and its Blends with Diesel Fuel,” Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR E-Journal, Manuscript EE 08014, Vol. X, pp. 1-9, (2008).
 
[31] Rao, T. V., Rao, G. P., and Reddy, K. H. C., “Experimental Investigation of Pongamia, Jatropha and Neem Methyl Esters as Biodiesel on C.I. Engine,” Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 117-122, (2008).
 
[32] Anbumani, K., and Singh, A. P., “Experimental Investigations on the use of Vegetable Oils as Biofuel for Compression Ignition Engine,” Journal of ARISER, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 87-97, (2009).
 
[33] Kuma, A. S., Maheswar, D., and Reddy, K. V. K., “Comparison of Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions from Neat and Transesterified Cotton Seed Oil,” Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 190-197, (2009).
 
[34] Connemann, J., and Fischer, J., “Biodiesel in Europe 1998,” International Liquid Biofuels Congress, July 19-22, Curitiba-Parana-Brazil, (1998).
 
[35] Connemann, J., and Fischer, J., “Biodiesel in Europe 2000,” Symposium-biodiesel Fuel from Vegetables Oils for Compression-ignition Engines at the TAE, May 17, Ostfildern/Stuttgart, Germany, (1999).
 
[36] Murayama, T., Oh, Young-taig., Miyamoto, N., and Chikahisa, T., “Low Carbon Flower Buildup, Low Smoke, and Efficient Diesel Operation with Vegetable Oils by Conversion to Mono-Esters and Blending with Diesel Oil or Alcohols,” SAE Technical Paper Series-841161.
 
[37] Knothe, G., Dunn, R. O., and Bagby, M. O., “Biodiesel: The use of Vegetable Oils and their Derivates as Alternative Diesel Fuels,” ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 172-208, (1997).
 
[38] Bagby, M. O., Freedman, B., and Schwab, A. W., “Seed Oils for Diesel Fuels: Sources and Properties,” ASAE-87-1583.
 
[39] Dunn, R. O., and Bagby, M. O., “Low-Temperature Properties of Triglyceride-based Diesel Fuels: Transesterified Methyl Esters and Petroleum Middle Distillate/Ester Blends,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 72, No. 8, (1995).
 
[40] Ziejejewski, M., and Kaufman, K. R., “Diesel Engine Evaluation of a Nonionic Sunflower Oil-aqueous Ethanol Micro Emulsion,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 61, No. 10, (1984).
 
[41] Freedman, B., Btterfield, R. O., and Pryde, E. H., “Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil,”Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Vol. 63, No. 10, (1986).
 
[42] ASTM, “Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils,” Designation: D975-04c, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 05.01:363–381, Philadelphia, (2005).
 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics